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Anuradhapura: The Ancient Capital of Sri Lanka

Anuradhapura, located in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka, is one of the most historically significant and culturally rich cities in the country. As a UNESCO World Heritage site, Anuradhapura stands as a testament to Sri Lanka’s ancient civilization, religious heritage, and architectural ingenuity.

Historical Significance

Anuradhapura’s history dates back to the 4th century BCE when it was established as the capital of the Anuradhapura Kingdom. Founded by King Pandukabhaya, it remained the capital for over 1,300 years, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The city’s prominence began around 377 BCE and continued until the decline in the 10th century CE.

The city served as the heart of Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lanka. It became a major religious center following the introduction of Buddhism by Mahinda, the son of Indian Emperor Ashoka, in the 3rd century BCE. The construction of monasteries, stupas, and other religious edifices during this period solidified Anuradhapura’s status as a spiritual hub.

Architectural Marvels

Anuradhapura is renowned for its impressive array of ancient structures, many of which are remarkably well-preserved despite their age. These include stupas, monasteries, palaces, and reservoirs.

1. Ruwanwelisaya Stupa: One of the most iconic landmarks, the Ruwanwelisaya was built by King Dutugemunu in 140 BCE. It is considered a marvel of ancient engineering and is one of the world’s tallest ancient structures, standing at 103 meters high.

2. Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi: This sacred fig tree, planted in 288 BCE, is believed to be a sapling from the original Bodhi tree under which Buddha attained enlightenment. It is the oldest living tree with a known planting date and a major pilgrimage site.

3. Abhayagiri Monastery: Founded in the 1st century BCE, Abhayagiri was one of the largest monasteries in the world at its peak, housing thousands of monks. Its stupa, standing at 75 meters, is one of the largest in Sri Lanka.

4. Jetavanaramaya: Built by King Mahasena in the 3rd century CE, this stupa was one of the tallest structures in the ancient world, originally reaching 122 meters. It remains one of the tallest and largest brick structures ever built.

5. Thuparamaya: The first stupa built in Sri Lanka after the introduction of Buddhism, Thuparamaya, constructed in the 3rd century BCE, enshrines the collarbone relic of Buddha.

6. Kuttam Pokuna (Twin Ponds): These ancient bathing tanks, built during the reign of King Aggabodhi I, demonstrate the advanced hydraulic engineering skills of the ancient Sri Lankans.

Cultural and Religious Importance

Anuradhapura is not only a historical treasure but also a living spiritual centre. It remains a focal point for Buddhist rituals and festivals, attracting pilgrims from around the world. The Poson Poya festival, commemorating the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka, sees thousands of devotees flock to Anuradhapura annually.

Preservation and Modern Relevance

Efforts to preserve Anuradhapura’s heritage have been ongoing since the British colonial period. The Archaeological Department of Sri Lanka is crucial in maintaining and restoring the ancient sites. Modern Anuradhapura is a bustling city, blending its historical legacy with contemporary development. It is an educational and administrative centre, with a growing tourism sector driven by its rich cultural heritage.

Anuradhapura stands as a monument to Sri Lanka’s illustrious past. Its historical, architectural, and spiritual significance make it a must-visit destination for anyone interested in ancient civilisations and Buddhist heritage. As a city that has endured through millennia, Anuradhapura continues to inspire and educate, bridging the gap between past and present in the most profound ways.